Exosomes
Intercellular messengers that replicate the regenerative power of stem cells
Definition
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 30–150 nanometres secreted by virtually all cells in the body. They transport mRNA, microRNA, proteins, and lipids between cells, acting as a high-precision intercellular communication system. In longevity medicine, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used, replicating much of their regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects without the risks associated with transplanting live cells.
Detailed explanation
MSC-derived exosomes contain over 10,000 identified proteins and 2,000 microRNAs. Their mechanism of action includes: immune response modulation via anti-inflammatory miRNAs, stimulation of growth factor synthesis in the target tissue, and activation of regenerative signalling pathways (Wnt, PI3K/Akt).
Their advantages over whole stem cells are clinically significant: they do not replicate (theoretical tumour risk near zero), they do not generate a significant immune response (can be used allogeneically without histocompatibility matching), and they are easier to store and standardise under GMP production.
In hair loss, studies in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021) show 30–40% increases in hair density at 3 months. For joints, they are especially potent when combined with PRP in the same session.
In Spain, exosomes are classified as advanced therapy medicinal products, requiring AEMPS authorisation.
Scientific sources
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